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This is Info file elisp, produced by Makeinfo-1.63 from the input file elisp.texi. This version is the edition 2.4.2 of the GNU Emacs Lisp Reference Manual. It corresponds to Emacs Version 19.34. Published by the Free Software Foundation 59 Temple Place, Suite 330 Boston, MA 02111-1307 USA Copyright (C) 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are preserved on all copies. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that this permission notice may be stated in a translation approved by the Foundation. Permission is granted to copy and distribute modified versions of this manual under the conditions for verbatim copying, provided also that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" is included exactly as in the original, and provided that the entire resulting derived work is distributed under the terms of a permission notice identical to this one. Permission is granted to copy and distribute translations of this manual into another language, under the above conditions for modified versions, except that the section entitled "GNU General Public License" may be included in a translation approved by the Free Software Foundation instead of in the original English. File: elisp, Node: Prefix Keys, Next: Active Keymaps, Prev: Inheritance and Keymaps, Up: Keymaps Prefix Keys =========== A "prefix key" has an associated keymap that defines what to do with key sequences that start with the prefix key. For example, `C-x' is a prefix key, and it uses a keymap that is also stored in the variable `ctl-x-map'. Here is a list of the standard prefix keys of Emacs and their keymaps: * `esc-map' is used for events that follow ESC. Thus, the global definitions of all meta characters are actually found here. This map is also the function definition of `ESC-prefix'. * `help-map' is used for events that follow `C-h'. * `mode-specific-map' is for events that follow `C-c'. This map is not actually mode specific; its name was chosen to be informative for the user in `C-h b' (`display-bindings'), where it describes the main use of the `C-c' prefix key. * `ctl-x-map' is the map used for events that follow `C-x'. This map is also the function definition of `Control-X-prefix'. * `ctl-x-4-map' is used for events that follow `C-x 4'. * `ctl-x-5-map' is used for events that follow `C-x 5'. * The prefix keys `C-x n', `C-x r' and `C-x a' use keymaps that have no special name. The binding of a prefix key is the keymap to use for looking up the events that follow the prefix key. (It may instead be a symbol whose function definition is a keymap. The effect is the same, but the symbol serves as a name for the prefix key.) Thus, the binding of `C-x' is the symbol `Control-X-prefix', whose function definition is the keymap for `C-x' commands. (The same keymap is also the value of `ctl-x-map'.) Prefix key definitions can appear in any active keymap. The definitions of `C-c', `C-x', `C-h' and ESC as prefix keys appear in the global map, so these prefix keys are always available. Major and minor modes can redefine a key as a prefix by putting a prefix key definition for it in the local map or the minor mode's map. *Note Active Keymaps::. If a key is defined as a prefix in more than one active map, then its various definitions are in effect merged: the commands defined in the minor mode keymaps come first, followed by those in the local map's prefix definition, and then by those from the global map. In the following example, we make `C-p' a prefix key in the local keymap, in such a way that `C-p' is identical to `C-x'. Then the binding for `C-p C-f' is the function `find-file', just like `C-x C-f'. The key sequence `C-p 6' is not found in any active keymap. (use-local-map (make-sparse-keymap)) => nil (local-set-key "\C-p" ctl-x-map) => nil (key-binding "\C-p\C-f") => find-file (key-binding "\C-p6") => nil - Function: define-prefix-command SYMBOL This function defines SYMBOL as a prefix command: it creates a full keymap and stores it as SYMBOL's function definition. Storing the symbol as the binding of a key makes the key a prefix key that has a name. The function also sets SYMBOL as a variable, to have the keymap as its value. It returns SYMBOL. In Emacs version 18, only the function definition of SYMBOL was set, not the value as a variable. File: elisp, Node: Active Keymaps, Next: Key Lookup, Prev: Prefix Keys, Up: Keymaps Active Keymaps ============== Emacs normally contains many keymaps; at any given time, just a few of them are "active" in that they participate in the interpretation of user input. These are the global keymap, the current buffer's local keymap, and the keymaps of any enabled minor modes. The "global keymap" holds the bindings of keys that are defined regardless of the current buffer, such as `C-f'. The variable `global-map' holds this keymap, which is always active. Each buffer may have another keymap, its "local keymap", which may contain new or overriding definitions for keys. The current buffer's local keymap is always active except when `overriding-local-map' overrides it. Text properties can specify an alternative local map for certain parts of the buffer; see *Note Special Properties::. Each minor mode may have a keymap; if it does, the keymap is active when the minor mode is enabled. The variable `overriding-local-map', if non-`nil', specifies another local keymap that overrides the buffer's local map and all the minor mode keymaps. All the active keymaps are used together to determine what command to execute when a key is entered. Emacs searches these maps one by one, in order of decreasing precedence, until it finds a binding in one of the maps. Normally, Emacs *first* searches for the key in the minor mode maps (one map at a time); if they do not supply a binding for the key, Emacs searches the local map; if that too has no binding, Emacs then searches the global map. However, if `overriding-local-map' is non-`nil', Emacs searches that map first, followed by the global map. The procedure for searching a single keymap is called "key lookup"; see *Note Key Lookup::. Since every buffer that uses the same major mode normally uses the same local keymap, you can think of the keymap as local to the mode. A change to the local keymap of a buffer (using `local-set-key', for example) is seen also in the other buffers that share that keymap. The local keymaps that are used for Lisp mode, C mode, and several other major modes exist even if they have not yet been used. These local maps are the values of the variables `lisp-mode-map', `c-mode-map', and so on. For most other modes, which are less frequently used, the local keymap is constructed only when the mode is used for the first time in a session. The minibuffer has local keymaps, too; they contain various completion and exit commands. *Note Intro to Minibuffers::. *Note Standard Keymaps::, for a list of standard keymaps. - Variable: global-map This variable contains the default global keymap that maps Emacs keyboard input to commands. The global keymap is normally this keymap. The default global keymap is a full keymap that binds `self-insert-command' to all of the printing characters. It is normal practice to change the bindings in the global map, but you should not assign this variable any value other than the keymap it starts out with. - Function: current-global-map This function returns the current global keymap. This is the same as the value of `global-map' unless you change one or the other. (current-global-map) => (keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line ... delete-backward-char]) - Function: current-local-map This function returns the current buffer's local keymap, or `nil' if it has none. In the following example, the keymap for the `*scratch*' buffer (using Lisp Interaction mode) is a sparse keymap in which the entry for ESC, ASCII code 27, is another sparse keymap. (current-local-map) => (keymap (10 . eval-print-last-sexp) (9 . lisp-indent-line) (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) (27 keymap (24 . eval-defun) (17 . indent-sexp))) - Function: current-minor-mode-maps This function returns a list of the keymaps of currently enabled minor modes. - Function: use-global-map KEYMAP This function makes KEYMAP the new current global keymap. It returns `nil'. It is very unusual to change the global keymap. - Function: use-local-map KEYMAP This function makes KEYMAP the new local keymap of the current buffer. If KEYMAP is `nil', then the buffer has no local keymap. `use-local-map' returns `nil'. Most major mode commands use this function. - Variable: minor-mode-map-alist This variable is an alist describing keymaps that may or may not be active according to the values of certain variables. Its elements look like this: (VARIABLE . KEYMAP) The keymap KEYMAP is active whenever VARIABLE has a non-`nil' value. Typically VARIABLE is the variable that enables or disables a minor mode. *Note Keymaps and Minor Modes::. Note that elements of `minor-mode-map-alist' do not have the same structure as elements of `minor-mode-alist'. The map must be the CDR of the element; a list with the map as the second element will not do. What's more, the keymap itself must appear in the CDR. It does not work to store a variable in the CDR and make the map the value of that variable. When more than one minor mode keymap is active, their order of priority is the order of `minor-mode-map-alist'. But you should design minor modes so that they don't interfere with each other. If you do this properly, the order will not matter. See also `minor-mode-key-binding', above. See *Note Keymaps and Minor Modes::, for more information about minor modes. - Variable: overriding-local-map If non-`nil', this variable holds a keymap to use instead of the buffer's local keymap and instead of all the minor mode keymaps. This keymap, if any, overrides all other maps that would have been active, except for the current global map. - Variable: overriding-terminal-local-map If non-`nil', this variable holds a keymap to use instead of `overriding-local-map', the buffer's local keymap and all the minor mode keymaps. This variable is always local to the current terminal and cannot be buffer-local. *Note Multiple Displays::. It is used to implement incremental search mode. - Variable: overriding-local-map-menu-flag If this variable is non-`nil', the value of `overriding-local-map' or `overriding-terminal-local-map' can affect the display of the menu bar. The default value is `nil', so those map variables have no effect on the menu bar. Note that these two map variables do affect the execution of key sequences entered using the menu bar, even if they do not affect the menu bar display. So if a menu bar key sequence comes in, you should clear the variables before looking up and executing that key sequence. Modes that use the variables would typically do this anyway; normally they respond to events that they do not handle by "unreading" them and exiting. File: elisp, Node: Key Lookup, Next: Functions for Key Lookup, Prev: Active Keymaps, Up: Keymaps Key Lookup ========== "Key lookup" is the process of finding the binding of a key sequence from a given keymap. Actual execution of the binding is not part of key lookup. Key lookup uses just the event type of each event in the key sequence; the rest of the event is ignored. In fact, a key sequence used for key lookup may designate mouse events with just their types (symbols) instead of with entire mouse events (lists). *Note Input Events::. Such a pseudo-key-sequence is insufficient for `command-execute', but it is sufficient for looking up or rebinding a When the key sequence consists of multiple events, key lookup processes the events sequentially: the binding of the first event is found, and must be a keymap; then the second event's binding is found in that keymap, and so on until all the events in the key sequence are used up. (The binding thus found for the last event may or may not be a keymap.) Thus, the process of key lookup is defined in terms of a simpler process for looking up a single event in a keymap. How that is done depends on the type of object associated with the event in that keymap. Let's use the term "keymap entry" to describe the value found by looking up an event type in a keymap. (This doesn't include the item string and other extra elements in menu key bindings because `lookup-key' and other key lookup functions don't include them in the returned value.) While any Lisp object may be stored in a keymap as a keymap entry, not all make sense for key lookup. Here is a list of the meaningful kinds of keymap entries: `nil' `nil' means that the events used so far in the lookup form an undefined key. When a keymap fails to mention an event type at all, and has no default binding, that is equivalent to a binding of `nil' for that event type. KEYMAP The events used so far in the lookup form a prefix key. The next event of the key sequence is looked up in KEYMAP. COMMAND The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and COMMAND is its binding. *Note What Is a Function::. ARRAY The array (either a string or a vector) is a keyboard macro. The events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the array is its binding. See *Note Keyboard Macros::, for more information. The meaning of a list depends on the types of the elements of the list. * If the CAR of LIST is the symbol `keymap', then the list is a keymap, and is treated as a keymap (see above). * If the CAR of LIST is `lambda', then the list is a lambda expression. This is presumed to be a command, and is treated as such (see above). * If the CAR of LIST is a keymap and the CDR is an event type, then this is an "indirect entry": (OTHERMAP . OTHERTYPE) When key lookup encounters an indirect entry, it looks up instead the binding of OTHERTYPE in OTHERMAP and uses that. This feature permits you to define one key as an alias for another key. For example, an entry whose CAR is the keymap called `esc-map' and whose CDR is 32 (the code for SPC) means, "Use the global binding of `Meta-SPC', whatever that may be." SYMBOL The function definition of SYMBOL is used in place of SYMBOL. If that too is a symbol, then this process is repeated, any number of times. Ultimately this should lead to an object that is a keymap, a command or a keyboard macro. A list is allowed if it is a keymap or a command, but indirect entries are not understood when found via symbols. Note that keymaps and keyboard macros (strings and vectors) are not valid functions, so a symbol with a keymap, string, or vector as its function definition is invalid as a function. It is, however, valid as a key binding. If the definition is a keyboard macro, then the symbol is also valid as an argument to `command-execute' (*note Interactive Call::.). The symbol `undefined' is worth special mention: it means to treat the key as undefined. Strictly speaking, the key is defined, and its binding is the command `undefined'; but that command does the same thing that is done automatically for an undefined key: it rings the bell (by calling `ding') but does not signal an error. `undefined' is used in local keymaps to override a global key binding and make the key "undefined" locally. A local binding of `nil' would fail to do this because it would not override the global binding. ANYTHING ELSE If any other type of object is found, the events used so far in the lookup form a complete key, and the object is its binding, but the binding is not executable as a command. In short, a keymap entry may be a keymap, a command, a keyboard macro, a symbol that leads to one of them, or an indirection or `nil'. Here is an example of a sparse keymap with two characters bound to commands and one bound to another keymap. This map is the normal value of `emacs-lisp-mode-map'. Note that 9 is the code for TAB, 127 for DEL, 27 for ESC, 17 for `C-q' and 24 for `C-x'. (keymap (9 . lisp-indent-line) (127 . backward-delete-char-untabify) (27 keymap (17 . indent-sexp) (24 . eval-defun))) File: elisp, Node: Functions for Key Lookup, Next: Changing Key Bindings, Prev: Key Lookup, Up: Keymaps Functions for Key Lookup ======================== Here are the functions and variables pertaining to key lookup. - Function: lookup-key KEYMAP KEY &optional ACCEPT-DEFAULTS This function returns the definition of KEY in KEYMAP. If the string or vector KEY is not a valid key sequence according to the prefix keys specified in KEYMAP (which means it is "too long" and has extra events at the end), then the value is a number, the number of events at the front of KEY that compose a complete key. If ACCEPT-DEFAULTS is non-`nil', then `lookup-key' considers default bindings as well as bindings for the specific events in KEY. Otherwise, `lookup-key' reports only bindings for the specific sequence KEY, ignoring default bindings except when you explicitly ask about them. (To do this, supply `t' as an element of KEY; see *Note Format of Keymaps::.) All the other functions described in this chapter that look up keys use `lookup-key'. (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f") => find-file (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\C-x\C-f12345") => 2 If KEY contains a meta character, that character is implicitly replaced by a two-character sequence: the value of `meta-prefix-char', followed by the corresponding non-meta character. Thus, the first example below is handled by conversion into the second example. (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\M-f") => forward-word (lookup-key (current-global-map) "\ef") => forward-word Unlike `read-key-sequence', this function does not modify the specified events in ways that discard information (*note Key Sequence Input::.). In particular, it does not convert letters to lower case and it does not change drag events to clicks. - Command: undefined Used in keymaps to undefine keys. It calls `ding', but does not cause an error. - Function: key-binding KEY &optional ACCEPT-DEFAULTS This function returns the binding for KEY in the current keymaps, trying all the active keymaps. The result is `nil' if KEY is undefined in the keymaps. The argument ACCEPT-DEFAULTS controls checking for default bindings, as in `lookup-key' (above). An error is signaled if KEY is not a string or a vector. (key-binding "\C-x\C-f") => find-file - Function: local-key-binding KEY &optional ACCEPT-DEFAULTS This function returns the binding for KEY in the current local keymap, or `nil' if it is undefined there. The argument ACCEPT-DEFAULTS controls checking for default bindings, as in `lookup-key' (above). - Function: global-key-binding KEY &optional ACCEPT-DEFAULTS This function returns the binding for command KEY in the current global keymap, or `nil' if it is undefined there. The argument ACCEPT-DEFAULTS controls checking for default bindings, as in `lookup-key' (above). - Function: minor-mode-key-binding KEY &optional ACCEPT-DEFAULTS This function returns a list of all the active minor mode bindings of KEY. More precisely, it returns an alist of pairs `(MODENAME . BINDING)', where MODENAME is the variable that enables the minor mode, and BINDING is KEY's binding in that mode. If KEY has no minor-mode bindings, the value is `nil'. If the first binding is not a prefix command, all subsequent bindings from other minor modes are omitted, since they would be completely shadowed. Similarly, the list omits non-prefix bindings that follow prefix bindings. The argument ACCEPT-DEFAULTS controls checking for default bindings, as in `lookup-key' (above). - Variable: meta-prefix-char This variable is the meta-prefix character code. It is used when translating a meta character to a two-character sequence so it can be looked up in a keymap. For useful results, the value should be a prefix event (*note Prefix Keys::.). The default value is 27, which is the ASCII code for ESC. As long as the value of `meta-prefix-char' remains 27, key lookup translates `M-b' into `ESC b', which is normally defined as the `backward-word' command. However, if you set `meta-prefix-char' to 24, the code for `C-x', then Emacs will translate `M-b' into `C-x b', whose standard binding is the `switch-to-buffer' command. meta-prefix-char ; The default value. => 27 (key-binding "\M-b") => backward-word ?\C-x ; The print representation => 24 ; of a character. (setq meta-prefix-char 24) => 24 (key-binding "\M-b") => switch-to-buffer ; Now, typing `M-b' is ; like typing `C-x b'. (setq meta-prefix-char 27) ; Avoid confusion! => 27 ; Restore the default value! File: elisp, Node: Changing Key Bindings, Next: Key Binding Commands, Prev: Functions for Key Lookup, Up: Keymaps Changing Key Bindings ===================== The way to rebind a key is to change its entry in a keymap. If you change a binding in the global keymap, the change is effective in all buffers (though it has no direct effect in buffers that shadow the global binding with a local one). If you change the current buffer's local map, that usually affects all buffers using the same major mode. The `global-set-key' and `local-set-key' functions are convenient interfaces for these operations (*note Key Binding Commands::.). You can also use `define-key', a more general function; then you must specify explicitly the map to change. In writing the key sequence to rebind, it is good to use the special escape sequences for control and meta characters (*note String Type::.). The syntax `\C-' means that the following character is a control character and `\M-' means that the following character is a meta character. Thus, the string `"\M-x"' is read as containing a single `M-x', `"\C-f"' is read as containing a single `C-f', and `"\M-\C-x"' and `"\C-\M-x"' are both read as containing a single `C-M-x'. You can also use this escape syntax in vectors, as well as others that aren't allowed in strings; one example is `[?\C-\H-x home]'. *Note Character Type::. The key definition and lookup functions accept an alternate syntax for event types in a key sequence that is a vector: you can use a list containing modifier names plus one base event (a character or function key name). For example, `(control ?a)' is equivalent to `?\C-a' and `(hyper control left)' is equivalent to `C-H-left'. One advantage of using a list to represent the event type is that the precise numeric codes for the modifier bits don't appear in compiled files. For the functions below, an error is signaled if KEYMAP is not a keymap or if KEY is not a string or vector representing a key sequence. You can use event types (symbols) as shorthand for events that are lists. - Function: define-key KEYMAP KEY BINDING This function sets the binding for KEY in KEYMAP. (If KEY is more than one event long, the change is actually made in another keymap reached from KEYMAP.) The argument BINDING can be any Lisp object, but only certain types are meaningful. (For a list of meaningful types, see *Note Key Lookup::.) The value returned by `define-key' is BINDING. Every prefix of KEY must be a prefix key (i.e., bound to a keymap) or undefined; otherwise an error is signaled. If some prefix of KEY is undefined, then `define-key' defines it as a prefix key so that the rest of KEY may be defined as specified. Here is an example that creates a sparse keymap and makes a number of bindings in it: (setq map (make-sparse-keymap)) => (keymap) (define-key map "\C-f" 'forward-char) => forward-char map => (keymap (6 . forward-char)) ;; Build sparse submap for `C-x' and bind `f' in that. (define-key map "\C-xf" 'forward-word) => forward-word map => (keymap (24 keymap ; `C-x' (102 . forward-word)) ; `f' (6 . forward-char)) ; `C-f' ;; Bind `C-p' to the `ctl-x-map'. (define-key map "\C-p" ctl-x-map) ;; `ctl-x-map' => [nil ... find-file ... backward-kill-sentence] ;; Bind `C-f' to `foo' in the `ctl-x-map'. (define-key map "\C-p\C-f" 'foo) => 'foo map => (keymap ; Note `foo' in `ctl-x-map'. (16 keymap [nil ... foo ... backward-kill-sentence]) (24 keymap (102 . forward-word)) (6 . forward-char)) Note that storing a new binding for `C-p C-f' actually works by changing an entry in `ctl-x-map', and this has the effect of changing the bindings of both `C-p C-f' and `C-x C-f' in the default global map. - Function: substitute-key-definition OLDDEF NEWDEF KEYMAP &optional OLDMAP This function replaces OLDDEF with NEWDEF for any keys in KEYMAP that were bound to OLDDEF. In other words, OLDDEF is replaced with NEWDEF wherever it appears. The function returns `nil'. For example, this redefines `C-x C-f', if you do it in an Emacs with standard bindings: (substitute-key-definition 'find-file 'find-file-read-only (current-global-map)) If OLDMAP is non-`nil', then its bindings determine which keys to rebind. The rebindings still happen in KEYMAP, not in OLDMAP. Thus, you can change one map under the control of the bindings in another. For example, (substitute-key-definition 'delete-backward-char 'my-funny-delete my-map global-map) puts the special deletion command in `my-map' for whichever keys are globally bound to the standard deletion command. Here is an example showing a keymap before and after substitution: (setq map '(keymap (?1 . olddef-1) (?2 . olddef-2) (?3 . olddef-1))) => (keymap (49 . olddef-1) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . olddef-1)) (substitute-key-definition 'olddef-1 'newdef map) => nil map => (keymap (49 . newdef) (50 . olddef-2) (51 . newdef)) - Function: suppress-keymap KEYMAP &optional NODIGITS This function changes the contents of the full keymap KEYMAP by making all the printing characters undefined. More precisely, it binds them to the command `undefined'. This makes ordinary insertion of text impossible. `suppress-keymap' returns `nil'. If NODIGITS is `nil', then `suppress-keymap' defines digits to run `digit-argument', and `-' to run `negative-argument'. Otherwise it makes them undefined like the rest of the printing characters. The `suppress-keymap' function does not make it impossible to modify a buffer, as it does not suppress commands such as `yank' and `quoted-insert'. To prevent any modification of a buffer, make it read-only (*note Read Only Buffers::.). Since this function modifies KEYMAP, you would normally use it on a newly created keymap. Operating on an existing keymap that is used for some other purpose is likely to cause trouble; for example, suppressing `global-map' would make it impossible to use most of Emacs. Most often, `suppress-keymap' is used to initialize local keymaps of modes such as Rmail and Dired where insertion of text is not desirable and the buffer is read-only. Here is an example taken from the file `emacs/lisp/dired.el', showing how the local keymap for Dired mode is set up: ... (setq dired-mode-map (make-keymap)) (suppress-keymap dired-mode-map) (define-key dired-mode-map "r" 'dired-rename-file) (define-key dired-mode-map "\C-d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) (define-key dired-mode-map "d" 'dired-flag-file-deleted) (define-key dired-mode-map "v" 'dired-view-file) (define-key dired-mode-map "e" 'dired-find-file) (define-key dired-mode-map "f" 'dired-find-file) ... File: elisp, Node: Key Binding Commands, Next: Scanning Keymaps, Prev: Changing Key Bindings, Up: Keymaps Commands for Binding Keys ========================= This section describes some convenient interactive interfaces for changing key bindings. They work by calling `define-key'. People often use `global-set-key' in their `.emacs' file for simple customization. For example, (global-set-key "\C-x\C-\\" 'next-line) (global-set-key [?\C-x ?\C-\\] 'next-line) (global-set-key [(control ?x) (control ?\\)] 'next-line) redefines `C-x C-\' to move down a line. (global-set-key [M-mouse-1] 'mouse-set-point) redefines the first (leftmost) mouse button, typed with the Meta key, to set point where you click. - Command: global-set-key KEY DEFINITION This function sets the binding of KEY in the current global map to DEFINITION. (global-set-key KEY DEFINITION) == (define-key (current-global-map) KEY DEFINITION) - Command: global-unset-key KEY This function removes the binding of KEY from the current global map. One use of this function is in preparation for defining a longer key that uses KEY as a prefix--which would not be allowed if KEY has a non-prefix binding. For example: (global-unset-key "\C-l") => nil (global-set-key "\C-l\C-l" 'redraw-display) => nil This function is implemented simply using `define-key': (global-unset-key KEY) == (define-key (current-global-map) KEY nil) - Command: local-set-key KEY DEFINITION This function sets the binding of KEY in the current local keymap to DEFINITION. (local-set-key KEY DEFINITION) == (define-key (current-local-map) KEY DEFINITION) - Command: local-unset-key KEY This function removes the binding of KEY from the current local map. (local-unset-key KEY) == (define-key (current-local-map) KEY nil) File: elisp, Node: Scanning Keymaps, Next: Menu Keymaps, Prev: Key Binding Commands, Up: Keymaps Scanning Keymaps ================ This section describes functions used to scan all the current keymaps for the sake of printing help information. - Function: accessible-keymaps KEYMAP &optional PREFIX This function returns a list of all the keymaps that can be accessed (via prefix keys) from KEYMAP. The value is an association list with elements of the form `(KEY . MAP)', where KEY is a prefix key whose definition in KEYMAP is MAP. The elements of the alist are ordered so that the KEY increases in length. The first element is always `("" . KEYMAP)', because the specified keymap is accessible from itself with a prefix of no events. If PREFIX is given, it should be a prefix key sequence; then `accessible-keymaps' includes only the submaps whose prefixes start with PREFIX. These elements look just as they do in the value of `(accessible-keymaps)'; the only difference is that some elements are omitted. In the example below, the returned alist indicates that the key ESC, which is displayed as `^[', is a prefix key whose definition is the sparse keymap `(keymap (83 . center-paragraph) (115 . foo))'. (accessible-keymaps (current-local-map)) =>(("" keymap (27 keymap ; Note this keymap for ESC is repeated below. (83 . center-paragraph) (115 . center-line)) (9 . tab-to-tab-stop)) ("^[" keymap (83 . center-paragraph) (115 . foo))) In the following example, `C-h' is a prefix key that uses a sparse keymap starting with `(keymap (118 . describe-variable)...)'. Another prefix, `C-x 4', uses a keymap which is also the value of the variable `ctl-x-4-map'. The event `mode-line' is one of several dummy events used as prefixes for mouse actions in special parts of a window. (accessible-keymaps (current-global-map)) => (("" keymap [set-mark-command beginning-of-line ... delete-backward-char]) ("^H" keymap (118 . describe-variable) ... (8 . help-for-help)) ("^X" keymap [x-flush-mouse-queue ... backward-kill-sentence]) ("^[" keymap [mark-sexp backward-sexp ... backward-kill-word]) ("^X4" keymap (15 . display-buffer) ...) ([mode-line] keymap (S-mouse-2 . mouse-split-window-horizontally) ...)) These are not all the keymaps you would see in an actual case. - Function: where-is-internal COMMAND &optional KEYMAP FIRSTONLY NOINDIRECT This function returns a list of key sequences (of any length) that are bound to COMMAND in a set of keymaps. The argument COMMAND can be any object; it is compared with all keymap entries using `eq'. If KEYMAP is `nil', then the maps used are the current active keymaps, disregarding `overriding-local-map' (that is, pretending its value is `nil'). If KEYMAP is non-`nil', then the maps searched are KEYMAP and the global keymap. Usually it's best to use `overriding-local-map' as the expression for KEYMAP. Then `where-is-internal' searches precisely the keymaps that are active. To search only the global map, pass `(keymap)' (an empty keymap) as KEYMAP. If FIRSTONLY is `non-ascii', then the value is a single string representing the first key sequence found, rather than a list of all possible key sequences. If FIRSTONLY is `t', then the value is the first key sequence, except that key sequences consisting entirely of ASCII characters (or meta variants of ASCII characters) are preferred to all other key sequences. If NOINDIRECT is non-`nil', `where-is-internal' doesn't follow indirect keymap bindings. This makes it possible to search for an indirect definition itself. This function is used by `where-is' (*note Help: (emacs)Help.). (where-is-internal 'describe-function) => ("\^hf" "\^hd") - Command: describe-bindings PREFIX This function creates a listing of all defined keys and their definitions. It writes the listing in a buffer named `*Help*' and displays it in a window. If PREFIX is non-`nil', it should be a prefix key; then the listing includes only keys that start with PREFIX. The listing describes meta characters as ESC followed by the corresponding non-meta character. When several characters with consecutive ASCII codes have the same definition, they are shown together, as `FIRSTCHAR..LASTCHAR'. In this instance, you need to know the ASCII codes to understand which characters this means. For example, in the default global map, the characters `SPC .. ~' are described by a single line. SPC is ASCII 32, `~' is ASCII 126, and the characters between them include all the normal printing characters, (e.g., letters, digits, punctuation, etc.); all these characters are bound to `self-insert-command'. File: elisp, Node: Menu Keymaps, Prev: Scanning Keymaps, Up: Keymaps Menu Keymaps ============ A keymap can define a menu as well as bindings for keyboard keys and mouse button. Menus are usually actuated with the mouse, but they can work with the keyboard also. * Menu: * Defining Menus:: How to make a keymap that defines a menu. * Mouse Menus:: How users actuate the menu with the mouse. * Keyboard Menus:: How they actuate it with the keyboard. * Menu Example:: Making a simple menu. * Menu Bar:: How to customize the menu bar. * Modifying Menus:: How to add new items to a menu. File: elisp, Node: Defining Menus, Next: Mouse Menus, Up: Menu Keymaps Defining Menus -------------- A keymap is suitable for menu use if it has an "overall prompt string", which is a string that appears as an element of the keymap. (*Note Format of Keymaps::.) The string should describe the purpose of the menu. The easiest way to construct a keymap with a prompt string is to specify the string as an argument when you call `make-keymap' or `make-sparse-keymap' (*note Creating Keymaps::.). The order of items in the menu is the same as the order of bindings in the keymap. Since `define-key' puts new bindings at the front, you should define the menu items starting at the bottom of the menu and moving to the top, if you care about the order. When you add an item to an existing menu, you can specify its position in the menu using `define-key-after' (*note Modifying Menus::.). The individual bindings in the menu keymap should have item strings; these strings become the items displayed in the menu. A binding with an item string looks like this: (STRING . REAL-BINDING) The item string for a binding should be short--one or two words. It should describe the action of the command it corresponds to. You can also supply a second string, called the help string, as follows: (STRING HELP-STRING . REAL-BINDING) Currently Emacs does not actually use HELP-STRING; it knows only how to ignore HELP-STRING in order to extract REAL-BINDING. In the future we may use HELP-STRING as extended documentation for the menu item, available on request. As far as `define-key' is concerned, STRING and HELP-STRING are part of the event's binding. However, `lookup-key' returns just REAL-BINDING, and only REAL-BINDING is used for executing the key. If REAL-BINDING is `nil', then STRING appears in the menu but cannot be selected. If REAL-BINDING is a symbol and has a non-`nil' `menu-enable' property, that property is an expression that controls whether the menu item is enabled. Every time the keymap is used to display a menu, Emacs evaluates the expression, and it enables the menu item only if the expression's value is non-`nil'. When a menu item is disabled, it is displayed in a "fuzzy" fashion, and cannot be selected with the mouse. The menu bar does not recalculate which items are enabled every time you look at a menu. This is because the X toolkit requires the whole tree of menus in advance. To force recalculation of the menu bar, call `force-mode-line-update' (*note Mode Line Format::.). You've probably noticed that menu items show the equivalent keyboard key sequence (if any) to invoke the same command. To save time on recalculation, menu display caches this information in a sublist in the binding, like this: (STRING [HELP-STRING] (KEY-BINDING-DATA) . REAL-BINDING) Don't put these sublists in the menu item yourself; menu display calculates them automatically. Don't add keyboard equivalents to the item strings in a mouse menu, since that is redundant. Sometimes it is useful to make menu items that use the "same" command but with different enable conditions. You can do this by defining alias commands. Here's an example that makes two aliases for `toggle-read-only' and gives them different enable conditions: (defalias 'make-read-only 'toggle-read-only) (put 'make-read-only 'menu-enable '(not buffer-read-only)) (defalias 'make-writable 'toggle-read-only) (put 'make-writable 'menu-enable 'buffer-read-only) When using aliases in menus, often it is useful to display the equivalent key bindings for the "real" command name, not the aliases (which typically don't have any key bindings except for the menu itself). To request this, give the alias symbol a non-`nil' `menu-alias' property. Thus, (put 'make-read-only 'menu-alias t) (put 'make-writable 'menu-alias t) causes menu items for `make-read-only' and `make-writable' to show the keyboard bindings for `toggle-read-only'. File: elisp, Node: Mouse Menus, Next: Keyboard Menus, Prev: Defining Menus, Up: Menu Keymaps Menus and the Mouse ------------------- The way to make a menu keymap produce a menu is to make it the definition of a prefix key. If the prefix key ends with a mouse event, Emacs handles the menu keymap by popping up a visible menu, so that the user can select a choice with the mouse. When the user clicks on a menu item, the event generated is whatever character or symbol has the binding that brought about that menu item. (A menu item may generate a series of events if the menu has multiple levels or comes from the menu bar.) It's often best to use a button-down event to trigger the menu. Then the user can select a menu item by releasing the button. A single keymap can appear as multiple menu panes, if you explicitly arrange for this. The way to do this is to make a keymap for each pane, then create a binding for each of those maps in the main keymap of the menu. Give each of these bindings an item string that starts with `@'. The rest of the item string becomes the name of the pane. See the file `lisp/mouse.el' for an example of this. Any ordinary bindings with `@'-less item strings are grouped into one pane, which appears along with the other panes explicitly created for the submaps. X toolkit menus don't have panes; instead, they can have submenus. Every nested keymap becomes a submenu, whether the item string starts with `@' or not. In a toolkit version of Emacs, the only thing special about `@' at the beginning of an item string is that the `@' doesn't appear in the menu item. You can also get multiple panes from separate keymaps. The full definition of a prefix key always comes from merging the definitions supplied by the various active keymaps (minor mode, local, and global). When more than one of these keymaps is a menu, each of them makes a separate pane or panes. *Note Active Keymaps::. In toolkit versions of Emacs, menus don't have panes, so submenus are used to represent the separate keymaps. Each keymap's contribution becomes one submenu. A Lisp program can explicitly pop up a menu and receive the user's choice. You can use keymaps for this also. *Note Pop-Up Menus::. File: elisp, Node: Keyboard Menus, Next: Menu Example, Prev: Mouse Menus, Up: Menu Keymaps Menus and the Keyboard ---------------------- When a prefix key ending with a keyboard event (a character or function key) has a definition that is a menu keymap, the user can use the keyboard to choose a menu item. Emacs displays the menu alternatives (the item strings of the bindings) in the echo area. If they don't all fit at once, the user can type SPC to see the next line of alternatives. Successive uses of SPC eventually get to the end of the menu and then cycle around to the beginning. (The variable `menu-prompt-more-char' specifies which character is used for this; SPC is the default.) When the user has found the desired alternative from the menu, he or she should type the corresponding character--the one whose binding is that alternative. This way of using menus in an Emacs-like editor was inspired by the Hierarkey system. - Variable: menu-prompt-more-char This variable specifies the character to use to ask to see the next line of a menu. Its initial value is 32, the code for SPC. File: elisp, Node: Menu Example, Next: Menu Bar, Prev: Keyboard Menus, Up: Menu Keymaps Menu Example ------------ Here is a simple example of how to set up a menu for mouse use. (defvar my-menu-map (make-sparse-keymap "Key Commands <==> Functions")) (fset 'help-for-keys my-menu-map) (define-key my-menu-map [bindings] '("List all keystroke commands" . describe-bindings)) (define-key my-menu-map [key] '("Describe key briefly" . describe-key-briefly)) (define-key my-menu-map [key-verbose] '("Describe key verbose" . describe-key)) (define-key my-menu-map [function] '("Describe Lisp function" . describe-function)) (define-key my-menu-map [where-is] '("Where is this command" . where-is)) (define-key global-map [C-S-down-mouse-1] 'help-for-keys) The symbols used in the key sequences bound in the menu are fictitious "function keys"; they don't appear on the keyboard, but that doesn't stop you from using them in the menu. Their names were chosen to be mnemonic, because they show up in the output of `where-is' and `apropos' to identify the corresponding menu items. However, if you want the menu to be usable from the keyboard as well, you must bind real ASCII characters as well as fictitious function keys. File: elisp, Node: Menu Bar, Next: Modifying Menus, Prev: Menu Example, Up: Menu Keymaps The Menu Bar ------------ Most window systems allow each frame to have a "menu bar"--a permanently displayed menu stretching horizontally across the top of the frame. The items of the menu bar are the subcommands of the fake "function key" `menu-bar', as defined by all the active keymaps. To add an item to the menu bar, invent a fake "function key" of your own (let's call it KEY), and make a binding for the key sequence `[menu-bar KEY]'. Most often, the binding is a menu keymap, so that pressing a button on the menu bar item leads to another menu. When more than one active keymap defines the same fake function key for the menu bar, the item appears just once. If the user clicks on that menu bar item, it brings up a single, combined submenu containing all the subcommands of that item--the global subcommands, the local subcommands, and the minor mode subcommands, all together. The variable `overriding-local-map' is normally ignored when determining the menu bar contents. That is, the menu bar is computed from the keymaps that would be active if `overriding-local-map' were `nil'. *Note Active Keymaps::. In order for a frame to display a menu bar, its `menu-bar-lines' parameter must be greater than zero. Emacs uses just one line for the menu bar itself; if you specify more than one line, the other lines serve to separate the menu bar from the windows in the frame. We recommend 1 or 2 as the value of `menu-bar-lines'. *Note X Frame Parameters::. Here's an example of setting up a menu bar item: (modify-frame-parameters (selected-frame) '((menu-bar-lines . 2))) ;; Make a menu keymap (with a prompt string) ;; and make it the menu bar item's definition. (define-key global-map [menu-bar words] (cons "Words" (make-sparse-keymap "Words"))) ;; Define specific subcommands in the item's menu. (define-key global-map [menu-bar words forward] '("Forward word" . forward-word)) (define-key global-map [menu-bar words backward] '("Backward word" . backward-word)) A local keymap can cancel a menu bar item made by the global keymap by rebinding the same fake function key with `undefined' as the binding. For example, this is how Dired suppresses the `Edit' menu bar item: (define-key dired-mode-map [menu-bar edit] 'undefined) `edit' is the fake function key used by the global map for the `Edit' menu bar item. The main reason to suppress a global menu bar item is to regain space for mode-specific items. - Variable: menu-bar-final-items Normally the menu bar shows global items followed by items defined by the local maps. This variable holds a list of fake function keys for items to display at the end of the menu bar rather than in normal sequence. The default value is `(help)'; thus, the `Help' menu item normally appears at the end of the menu bar, following local menu items. - Variable: menu-bar-update-hook This normal hook is run whenever the user clicks on the menu bar, before displaying a submenu. You can use it to update submenus whose contents should vary.